NCAER's annual survey of households across the country shows that around 51 per cent of the households in the top 20 cities have at least one graduate (that means, at least a tenth of the population in these cities consists of graduates); the figure is 38 per cent for other cities, and the number is just 15 per cent in the villages.

As a result, nearly 49 per cent of those employed in the top 20 cities tend to have salaried jobs, and another 32 per cent are self-employed. In comparison, the other cities and rural areas, which have a smaller proportion of graduates, tend to have a much smaller proportion of either the salaried or those who are self-employed - 32 per cent of those in the other cities are salaried and the figure is just 10 per cent in villages; in the case of the self-employed in non-agriculture, the figure is 30 per cent for smaller towns and a mere 11 per cent in rural India.

Image: Communist Party of India (Marxist) supporters hold their party flags during a public rally in Kolkata. | Photograph: Jayanta Shaw/Reuters.

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